This 2024 data set comprised 1,561 universities, selected through the sampling process, and assessed based on eight indicators. Starting from 2020, T-scores have been calculated using a percentile rank and then converted into the indicator’s scores. The final score is assigned to each university by applying the indicator weightings and then ranked the universities accordingly. Universities with identical final scores are listed alphabetically. It is important to note that there are universities that have similar achievement in research performance, and limited differences in these scores should be interpreted with caution. A university with a marginally higher score does not necessarily indicate superior performance in scientific research, as the universities may be listed very closely in the rankings.